View source for Curcuma zedoaria (PROSEA)

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[[File:Curcuma zedoaria MC.tif|thumb|1, leafy and flowering stem; 2, tuberous rhizome; 3, bract with cincinnus; 4, flower in lateral view; 5, flower in front view; 6, stamen and lateral staminoides (P. Verheij-Hayes)]]
<big>''[[Curcuma zedoaria]]'' (Christm.) Roscoe</big>
__NOTOC__
:Protologue: Trans. Linn. Soc. London 8: 354 (1807).

:Family: Zingiberaceae

:Chromosome number: 2''n''= 63 (64, 66) (triploid)

== Synonyms ==

*''Amomum zedoaria'' Christmann (1779),
*''Amomum latifolium'' Lamk (1783),
*''Curcuma pallida'' Lour. (1790),
*''Curcuma zerumbet'' Roxb. (1810).
*Note: "''zedoaria''" is often erroneously spelled "''zeodaria''".

== Vernacular names ==

*Long zedoary, round zedoary, zedoary, kua (En)
*Zédoaire (Fr)
*Indonesia: koneng tegal (Sundanese), temu putih (Malay, Jakarta)
*Malaysia: kunchur, temu kuning, temu lawak (Peninsular)
*Philippines: alimpuyas (Cebu Bisaya), barak (Tagalog), tamahilan (Bikol)
*Burma (Myanmar): thanuwen
*Cambodia: prâtiël prèah 'ângkaôl
*Laos: 'khmin<sup>2</sup>khai
*Thailand: khamin khun (northern), khamin oi (central)
*Vietnam: nghệ den, nga truật, ngải tím.

== Origin and geographic distribution ==

The origin of ''C. zedoaria'' is not known exactly, but it is possibly in north-eastern India. It has been cultivated for a very long time throughout South and South-East Asia, China and Taiwan and it easily runs wild in this area, thus occurring wild and cultivated all over. Occasionally, it is cultivated elsewhere (e.g. in Madagascar).

== Uses ==

The rhizomes of ''C. zedoaria'' are the source of "shoti" starch, which is easily digestible and valued as an article of diet, particularly for infants and people with digestive problems. The heart of young shoots is used as a vegetable (raw or cooked) in Indonesia, where also young rhizome parts (tops) are eaten raw and inflorescences cooked. Leaves are used for flavouring foods in India and Indonesia, and in India the rhizomes are used in perfumery.

Rhizomes are widely used as stimulant, stomachic, carminative, diuretic, anti-diarrhoeal, anti-emetic, anti-pyretic and depurative, the latter especially after childbirth, but also to clean and cure ulcers, wounds and other kinds of skin disorders. Rhizomes are also chewed against bad breath, and a decoction is drunk against stomach-ache, indigestion and colds.

== Production and international trade ==

Zedoary is primarily produced and traded locally. Until the Middle Ages the rhizomes were also popular in Europe and were an article of commerce. At present, international trade is negligible but no statistics on local production are available either.

== Properties ==

Fresh zedoary rhizomes contain approximately: water 70%, starch 12%, other materials (including essential oil, cellulose) 18%. Per 100 g edible portion "shoti" starch contains approximately: water 13 g, starch 83 g, ash 1 g, other materials 3 g. The starch grains have an average size of 1.6-4.2 μm and are ellipsoidal or ovoid.

The essential oil present in the rhizomes (1-2%) is light yellow-greenish, smells like ginger oil mixed with camphor; at 30 °C it has a specific gravity of 0.9724 and it contains d-α-pinene, d-camphene, cineol, α-camphor, d-borneol, sesquiterpenes, sesquiterpenols and sesquiterpene alcohols.

== Botany ==

*Robust, perennial, erect, strongly tillering herb, 1(-3) m tall.
*Rhizome a fleshy complex with an erect broadly ovoid structure (primary tuber) at the base of each aerial stem, ringed with the bases of old scale leaves and when mature bearing numerous lateral rhizomes which are again branched; primary tuber up to 8 cm long, 4-6 cm in diameter, lateral rhizomes usually smaller, up to 10 cm long and 3 cm in diameter, outside grey, inside pale yellow-white to bright yellow.
*Roots numerous, fleshy and terete, at the apex usually swollen into a subellipsoidal tuber of 2-15 cm × 1-2.5 cm and white inside.
*Leaf shoots bearing up to 8 leaves, surrounded by bladeless sheaths which form a pseudostem; sheath 40 cm long or longer; petiole 3-12 cm long, its apex passing gradually into the blade; blade elliptical-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 35-75 cm × 10-20 cm, above dark green with a more or less intensely reddish-brown central streak 1-2.5 cm wide, light green below with a narrower central streak, the streak fading in older leaves.
*Inflorescence lateral, sprouting from the rhizome next to the leaf shoot, spike-like; peduncle about 22 cm tall, covered with 3 sheaths; flower spike cylindrical, 10-16 cm long, 5-12 cm in diameter, provided with 16-30 bracts arranged spirally, each of which contains 4-5 flowers (arranged in a cincinnus) except the 5-6 upper ones; bracts in their lower half adnate to each other, the basal parts thus forming closed pockets, the free upper parts more or less spreading; lowest bracts entirely green, middle ones tipped with a purple spot, uppermost 5 entirely purple with 4 bracts below them streaked white and pale green at the base and purple at the tips; bracteoles small, membranous, surrounding the flowers.
*Flowers as long as the bracts or shorter, 3.5-4.5 cm long; calyx very short, up to 1 cm long; corolla up to 4.5 cm long, lower half tubular, upper half much widened, yellow-white, 3-lobed with 2 equal anterior lobes and a larger ventricose posterior one; labellum broadly elliptical, 2-2.5 cm × 1.5-2 cm, weakly 2-lobed, pale yellow with a darker yellow longitudinally furrowed central streak; staminodes 2, large and wide, connate with the base of the stamen, yellow-white; filament 4.5 mm long and wide, anther white, thick, 6 mm long, at the base with divergent curved spurs 3 mm long; ovary 4-5 mm long, pubescent, 3-locular, style filiform, stigma 4-lobed.
*Fruit an ovoid capsule, smooth, dehiscing irregularly.
*Seed ellipsoidal, grey.

Zedoary takes about 2 years to develop fully. It rarely flowers in cultivation, but flowers freely where it runs wild. After flowering the aboveground parts die completely and the plant enters a resting phase which can last a very long time.

''C. zedoaria'' is closely related to ''C. xanthorrhiza'' Roxburgh, and some authors consider the two to be conspecific. The main differences are: petals white (yellowish-white) in zedoary, pink in ''C. xanthorrhiza''; flesh of rhizome and root tubers pale yellow to white in zedoary, deep orange in ''C. xanthorrhiza''; the inflorescence of zedoary is smaller and the red-brown central streak on the leaf blade is present on both sides in zedoary, but only on the upperside in ''C. xanthorrhiza''.

== Ecology ==

Zedoary occurs in a wide range of climatic conditions in tropical and subtropical South and South-East Asia. It prefers areas with an annual rainfall of 900-1250 mm with a pronounced dry season, and is found in shady damp locations, up to 1000 m altitude. It grows on all kinds of soils, but prefers well-drained sandy soils.

== Agronomy ==

Zedoary is propagated from pieces of rhizome. In India, it is planted first on well-manured, hand-watered, shaded nursery beds, and sprouted rhizomes are planted out in the field at the beginning of the rainy season, preferably on flat beds at a planting distance of 25-45 cm. The crop is weeded regularly and after planting in the field the crop receives a thick mulch. Application of fertilizers has been recommended: farmyard manure 25 t/ha, sulphate of ammonia 340 kg/ha, superphosphate 450 kg/ha and muriate of potash 450 kg/ha in two doses, respectively 40 days and 6 months after planting.

When primary tubers are planted (requiring much planting material), harvesting is possible after about 10 months; when lateral rhizome parts are used, the required growing period is up to two years. Harvesting may start when the leaves begin to wither. The rhizome clumps are dug up, roots and remains of leaves removed, and washed. Yield is 7.5-12 t/ha. Planting material is separated. The remaining parts are peeled, shredded into a pulp and steeped for 24 hours in 10 times their volume of water, with frequent stirring. The starch slurry is filtered off, repeatedly washed with clean water, centrifuged and dried at 50 °C. Yield of starch is about 80%. When dilute sulphuric acid or alkali is used during the washing process, a starch of about 95% purity can be obtained.

== Genetic resources and breeding ==

Besides the collections available in botanical gardens, no special germplasm collections of zedoary are known to exist. No breeding programmes are known.

== Prospects ==

Zedoary is an important home garden crop in South-East Asia. More research is needed to improve cultivation methods, to breed better cultivars, and to investigate the feasibility of large-scale production and marketing. Yield improvement is necessary before zedoary can become an important industrial crop. Germplasm collection is needed urgently.

== Literature ==

*Backer, C.A. & Bakhuizen van den Brink Jr, R.C., 1963-1968. Flora of Java. 3 volumes. Noordhoff, Groningen, the Netherlands. Vol. 1 (1963) 647 pp., Vol. 2 (1965) 641 pp., Vol. 3 (1968) 761 pp.
*Bandara, B.M.R. et al., 1989. Antifungal activity of some medicinal plants of Sri Lanka. Journal of the National Science Council of Sri Lanka 17(1): 1-13.
*Burkill, I.H., 1966. A dictionary of the economic products of the Malay Peninsula. Revised reprint. 2 volumes. Ministry of Agriculture and Co operatives, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Vol. 1 (A-H) pp. 1-1240. Vol. 2 (I- Z) pp. 1241-2444.
*Burtt, B.L., 1977. Curcuma zedoaria. Gardens' Bulletin, Singapore 30: 59-62.
*Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, 1948-1976. The wealth of India: a dictionary of Indian raw materials & industrial products. 11 volumes. Publications and Information Directorate, New Delhi, India.
*Darwis SN, Madjo Indo, A.B.D. & Hasiyah, S., 1991. Tumbuhan obat famili Zingiberaceae [Medicinal plants of the Zingiberaceae]. Seri Pengembangan No. 17. Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Tanaman Industri, Bogor, Indonesia. 103 pp.
*de Padua, L.S., Lugod, G.C. & Pancho, J.V., 1977-1983. Handbook on Philippine medicinal plants. 4 volumes. Documentation and Information Section, Office of the Director of Research, University of the Philippines at Los Baños, the Philippines.
*Doan Thi Nhu, Nguyen Thuong Thuc, Do Huy Bich & Vu Thuy Huyen (Editors), 1991. Les plants médicinales au Vietnam. Livre 1. Médicine traditionelle et pharmacopée [The medicinal plants of Vietnam. Volume 1. Traditional medicine and pharmacopoeia]. Agence de coopération Culturelle et Technique, Paris, France. 201 pp.
*Flach, M. & Rumawas, F. (Editors), 1996. Plant Resources of South East Asia No 9. Plants yielding non seed carbohydrates. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, the Netherlands. 239 pp.
*Gagnepain, F. 1908. Zingibéracées [Zingiberaceae]. In: Gagnepain, F. (Editor): Flore générale de l'Indo Chine [General flora of Indo China]. Vol. 6. Masson & Cie, Paris, France. pp. 25-121.
*Ghazala Nasim, 1991. Vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae in two Curcuma species (C. zedoaria and C. longa) of medicinal importance. Pakistan Journal of Forestry 41(4): 194-201.
*Gutierrez, H.G., 1980-1982. An illustrated manual of Philippine materia medica. 2 volumes. Natural Research Council of the Philippines, Tagig, Metro Manila, the Philippines. Vol. 1 (1980) pp. 1-234, Vol. 2 (1982) pp. 235-485.
*Heyne, K., 1950. De nuttige planten van Indonesië [The useful plants of Indonesia]. 3rd Edition. 2 volumes. W. van Hoeve, 's Gravenhage, the Netherlands/Bandung, Indonesia. 1660 + CCXLI pp.
* Holttum, R.E., 1950. The Zingiberaceae of the Malay Peninsula. Curcuma. The Gardens' Bulletin Singapore 13(1): 65-72. 
*Hwang, W.I., Cha, S. & Lee, S.Y., 1980. Extraction of anti cancer components from Korean medicinal plants and the determination of their cyto toxic activities on the cancer cells. Korean Biochemical Journal 13(1): 25-40.
* Kay, D.E., 1973. Crop and product digest No 2. Root crops. The Tropical Products Institute, London, England. pp. 135-138. 
*Mangaly, J. K. & Sabu, M., 1993. A taxonomic revision of the South Indian species of Curcuma Linn. (Zingiberaceae). Rheedea 3(2): 139-171.
*Nguyen Van Duong, 1993. Medicinal plants of Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos. Mekong Printing, Santa Ana, California, United States. 528 pp.
*Ochse, J.J. & Bakhuizen van den Brink, R.C., 1980. Vegetables of the Dutch East Indies. 3rd English edition (translation of "Indische groenten", 1931). Asher & Co., Amsterdam, the Netherlands. pp. 745-747.
*Pandii, C. et al., 1993. Insecticidal constituents from four species of the Zingiberaceae. Phytochemistry 34(2): 415-419.
*Perry, L.M., 1980. Medicinal plants of East and Southeast Asia. Attributed properties and uses. MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States & London, United Kingdom. 620 pp.
*Pételot, A., 1952-1954. Les plantes médicinales du Cambodge, du Laos et du Vietnam [The medicinal plants of Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam]. 4 volumes. Centre National de Recherches Scientifiques et Techniques, Saigon, Vietnam.
*Quisumbing, E., 1978. Medicinal plants of the Philippines. Katha Publishing Co., Quezon City, the Philippines. 1262 pp.
*Rehm, S. (Editor), 1989. Handbuch der Landwirtschaft und Ernahrung in den Entwicklungsländern. Band 4. Spezieller Pflanzenbau in den Tropen und Subtropen [Handbook of agriculture and nutrition in developing countries. Vol. 4. Special crop cultivation in the tropics and subtropics]. 2nd Edition. E. Ulmer, Stuttgart, Germany. 653 pp.
*Rehm, S. & Espig, G., 1991. The cultivated plants of the tropics and subtropics. Cultivation, economic value, utilization. Technical Centre for Agriculture and Rural Co operation (CTA), Ede, the Netherlands & Verlag Josef Margraf, Weikersheim, Germany. 552 pp.
*Saralamp, P., Temsiririrkkul, R., Chuakul, W., Riewpaiboon, A., Prathanturarug, S., Suthisisang, C. & Pongcharoensuk, P. (Editors), 1996. Medicinal plants in the Siri Ruckhachati Garden. 2nd Edition. Siambooks and Publications Co., Bangkok, Thailand. 263 pp.
*Smitinand, T., 1980. Thai plant names. Royal Forest Department, Bangkok, Thailand. 379 pp.
* Valeton, T., 1918. New notes on the Zingiberaceae of Java and the Malayan Archipelago. Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg, 2nd Series, 27: 57-61, Plate 7, Fig. 1 and Plate 27.
*van Steenis, C.G.G.J., 1949. Plumbaginaceae. In: van Steenis, C.G.G.J. (General editor): Flora Malesiana. Series 1, Vol. 4. Noordhoff Kolff N.V., Djakarta, Indonesia. pp. 107-112.
*Vidal, J., 1962. Noms vernaculaires de plantes en usage au Laos [Vernacular names of plants used in Laos]. Ecole française d'Extrême Orient, Paris, France. 197 pp.

== Main genus page ==
*[[Curcuma (PROSEA)|''Curcuma'']] (Medicinal plants)

== Authors ==

*Halijah Ibrahim & P.C.M. Jansen
*Trimurti H. Wardini & Budi Prakoso


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[[Category:Medicinal plants (PROSEA)]]
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